Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Cold War - Essay Example A major characteristic of the Cold War was the prevalent of a division of the world into two distinct regions trending on varying paths of â€Å"political modernity and economic development†1. Amidst this war, the Soviet Union and the United States engaged in a contest-of-power, thereby marginalizing the relation-of-domination causing complex bifurcation in the area of modernity for both nations and their communities. The origin and cause of the phrase â€Å"Cold War† cannot be oversimplified given the implications present to date. In this paper evaluates the validity of the phrase â€Å"cold war’ through the evaluation of the global perspective on the cold war, and its impacts on the first, second, and third world? Today, the Cold War, despite taking place years ago, symbolizes the establishment of conflicting political forces and powers that left the world characterized with wounds induced by war, given the violent ways used for the â€Å"manifestation of bipolar global order..†.2 Though global bipolarity could have existed prior to the Second World War, the end of this war and the end of the alliance between the Soviet Union and the United States deepened the drift between the two sides. The implication that the cold war began before the end of World War II implies that the contest for global supremacy commenced in as early as the beginning of the 19th century. In their perspective, the Soviet Union nations opposed the sole progressive and benevolent powers of the US and were not in terms with the market-oriented liberal world progressed by the United States. Conversely, opponents agree that Russia and the Soviet Union were insecure and fear that the US would cause a world that was mo re competitive, powerful, and more organized. This then led to the Union’s strategy to seek security through destruction of rival powers that is not compliant to or that compromised it. The insecurity of the Soviet Union does not cover-up America’s denial of

How Medical Marijuana Works Essay Example for Free

How Medical Marijuana Works Essay Marijuana or cannabis is well known for a recreational drug used by younger school age children as well as older Adults. To some people, the idea of medical marijuana is nothing more than an excuse to get the high card. Most school-age children use marijuana because of peer pressure from their classmates or buddies in general. Most older adults have turned to marijuana due to stress in their everyday life. The medical benefits of medical cannabis offer it patients are, swept completely under the rug. In fact, many individuals do not know that cannabis served as a well-established medical treatment until it was criminalized in 1937. Medical marijuana should be legalized in all fifty states. The number of people that suffer is in the millions. Americans that suffer from chronic pain is 100 million, Diabetes is 25.8 million, Heart disease 16.3 million, Strokes 7 million and Cancer patients 11.9 million, the total of American that suffer are 161 million. Why is the government being so inhuman and not legalizing marijuana? There are 29 states that have legalized Medical Marijuana. They are Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, Washington DC, and West Virginia. All these states have approved Medical Marijuana. Legal weed created 18, 005 full-time jobs and added about $2.4 billion to the state’s economy last year in Colorado. The 15 Langley 2 percent special excise tax on marijuana sales in Arizona’s legalization proposal generate over $114 million in new tax revenue in 2016 and 2017. Maine has improved their state revenue by $69 million. Nevada has shown 161 thousand new jobs, and 89 million dollars increase in their state revenue. Why don’t all the state legalize medical marijuana to help build their budgets so everyone can benefit? In the state of Oklahoma, schools budget could increase, so teachers could get a well-deserved salary. College and Universities could have better learning material as well as the instructors, Professors, and staff could have better salaries and benefits. In the United States, there is 76 % of doctors that are for medical marijuana, 14 % that would use it if it was legal, but would not vote for it, and 10% that don’t care. The 10% is for prescription drugs. A young doctor diagnosed a 5year old child with Dravet Syndrome and she was having more than 300 Grand Mal Seizures a week. This doctor gave this child medical marijuana as treatment and she now has 4 to 6 seizures a month. A gentleman was having Migraines that would last up to two weeks at a time, was giving medical marijuana and now has a migraine once a month at the most. With the benefits of medical Marijuana, all states should legalize marijuana. The health benefits to patients as well as the benefit to the budgets of each state. Medical Marijuana has proven to help treat Migraines, slow down the growth of tumors, relieve the pain of Chronic diseases, Prevent Alzheimer’s, help with ADD, and ADHD, relieve PMS, calm patients that have Tourette’s and OCD.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare, Cla

Your eyelids are heavy and your mind is fogging, finally they close altogether with the weight of the eyelids and in a few minutes you have fallen into slumber. You wake up with a vivid image in your mind, but you have no inkling as to what it means. It was just a dream. Whether people can recall it or not, everyone dreams. A dream, some may argue is irrelevant; images assorted together creating nonsense. Others depict a dream as a message our mind is telling us about. Throughout the day, the mind subconsciously picks up pieces of our daily life, whether they are thoughts, emotions, ideas, or interactions. When we sleep, our brain organizes and analysis these thoughts and puts them together like a puzzle creating images we might have missed during our waking hours. The brain naturally resists chaos and is attuned to order and organization and therefore sees past the chaos and malfunctions, it begins to matrix things, such as images in the clouds. It is through dreaming that these ima ges sort out all the chaos in the ordinary daily life and reveals a bizarre and unrealistic world, which is a reflection of the unstable reality that is actually lived in. Reality is considered unstable because it is constantly changing, moving and transforming into something else whether people are aging, dying or being born. It is a constantly changing factor that people refuse to accept and it is in our dreams that it is revealed. It is in this dream world where Shakespeare and Carroll use fantastical characters, such as fairies and the White Rabbit to exemplify the daily interactions one must make to seek the truth. It is in the court and woods, where everything is turned upside down and where what is right is wrong and what one knows, are no longe... ...nuously move to get somewhere and when they find they are looking for, they still have to keep going. The characters met through the journey represent the logical and illogical strangers that people face every day and some may help while others might pull them down. These interactions are significant because every interaction and actions affect a person even if it isn’t all that clear. Time is the biggest factor in how reality is unstable. No matter what a person does, time is constantly there and every second is a second past. The main reason it is not stable is because it is always changing and moving and whether one likes it or not, no one can change time. In a dream, time is not a factor and characters met can have no significance and in a dream, just for those few hours, the world can be a perfect and stable place, at least just until it’s time to wake up.

Music Copying Essay

Everyone should admit that he or she, at one point or another, has copied music or movies from TVs or downloaded music and videos from the internet. Everyone knows it is illegal and wrong ethically, but very few follow the regulations that outline the practice to be illegal (Moore). Artists have licensed and copy righted their music and videos and when individuals go ahead and copy to be their own for selling it is overtly illegal and unethical. It is possible for one to borrow a CD and enjoy the music. Upon finishing up with it; he or she should return the CD. However, most individuals go ahead and copy the music into their computers, for their own or in sometimes making copies of music CDs and selling them. This adds to pain to the music producers and even artists themselves. The artists and the music producers go at a loss since the music they produce and intend to sell end up going to waste and cannot be compensated for their efforts (Moore). The main reason why people do these activities is because they see it being done by someone else. When a friend sees another copying music into his or her computer, he or she also wants to have a copy of the same music. They do these not knowing what impact they are causing to the real owners of the music. Another reason why people copy other people’s music without permission is because they know the real owners of this music are so far from them. Therefore, they know that even if they copy their music, the owners will not catch up with them so as to sue them (Moore). Generally, copying of music is a global problem and it has been a great challenge to the artists and producers. This is because before they sell the music to the customers, most of the music consumers will already be having these songs with them. This has been blamed on technology since once the music has been produced, it is uploaded in the internet and some cyber pirates go ahead and download the music, to sell it at a lower price than the real price. Governments have tried their best to control these actions of music piracy but it has never been successful. The solution of music piracy lies in individual behavior and discipline. Work Cited Moore, Charles W. Is music piracy stealing? Applelinks, August 8 2003. Web: July 16, 2010 from http://www. applelinks. com/mooresviews/pirate. shtml

Good and Evil King Lear Essay

Shakespeare’s tragedy â€Å"King Lear† discusses many notions the most important being the relationship between good and evil and the constant battle of the opposites; their dependency and the origin of wickedness, as well as the fact that something good can never â€Å"destroy† anything all play a key role in the question of if it is evil that destroys itself. The following essay will deliberate these ideas and compare good and evil throughout the play to show the self-destruction evil caused for itself. Throughout the entire play of â€Å"King Lear† there are many acts of goodness as well as acts of wickedness that represent the two ideas of virtue versus deviltry that depend on each other. Without the good there could not be any evil and the same goes for evil because without the opposite they could not be compared and therefore not be identified as being either good or bad. King Lear would never have realized the horrible mistake he made when he claimed that â€Å"nothing will come of nothing† (Act 1, Scene 1), would it not have been for Cordelia’s vicious sisters that drove evil too far and made their father go mad. Their evil behavior towards their father can be seen in Act 1 Scene 3 where Goneril instructs a servant to be rude and less courteous to Lear. â€Å"Put on what weary negligence you please, you and your fellows: I’d have it come to question† she says, ordering the servant to show Lear no respect which highlights her evil intentions. Only Lear’s craziness makes him see his truthful daughter and also who deceived him. If Regan and Goneril were not evil, Lear would have never noticed his neglect and he could not have seen the truth and his daughter’s real intentions. However, if Regan and Goneril were to have been good, there would not have been a misconception at the distribution of the kingdom which would have led to Lear choosing his favorite daughter over the two others and Regan and Goneril being left with nothing which would have made the audience feel empathy towards them and give every character a new idea of good and evil. Therefore both virtue and deviltry are necessary for the play because they compliment each other’s differences and highlight the opposites even more, further changing the story that depends on both extremes. All the evil happenings in the tragedy of King Lear can be related back to goodness which makes good the cause of evil, adding to another relationship and connection the two opposites share. The virtuous side created wickedness which you can see clearly through Edmond’s treachery against his father and brother. This can be seen in Act 1, Scene 2 where Edmond’s soliloquy clearly underlines his evil plot of replacing his brother as his father’s heir. â€Å"[†¦] Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land. Our father’s love is to the bastard, Edmond, as to th’legitimate [†¦] if this letter speed and my invention thrive, Edmond the base shall to th’legitimate. I grow; I prosper; now gods, stand up for bastards! † he exclaims. This is the first time the audience sees how evil and vicious Edmond is and what his plans are. If Gloucester had not treated his â€Å"bastard son† so badly, he might not have turned so evil. However, because his father continuously showed Edmond that he preferred Edgar over him, Edmond grew up with such a bad attitude towards him which led to his evil plot and his vicious actions. Thereupon, goodness is responsible for the creation of evil and without the good wickedness could not exist. Furthermore, the destruction of evil could not have been through goodness because if goodness were to destroy anything it could no longer be identified as â€Å"good†. This states that the word â€Å"destruction† already implies a negative and evil idea where as good would be determined as the opposite. Cordelia is a purely good character which shows even when she had the chance to fight evil, she did not reach for brutality or destruction of bad but rather tried to help the good and fix the terrible situation. Accordingly, if good were to destroy evil it could no longer be called â€Å"good† because it would be on the same level as evil and could not be differentiated anymore. It is therefore impossible for good to destroy evil, since it is basically incapable of wicked actions. Edmond’s death, however, could indicate the vanquishing of evil through good. The brothers Edmond and Edgar that represent evil and good, fight until Edgar finally kills his brother. On one hand, one could possibly see this as good overcoming evil since the â€Å"good† brother killed the â€Å"evil† brother; yet this certain feeling of hope is quickly crushed by the tragic ending and the deaths of most of the main characters representing goodness in the play. On the other hand, it is evil that caused its own destruction all along due to the fact that it took on more than it could handle, striving for too much power which ultimately led to its own downfall. Edmond started off with a plan of taking over his brother’s and then his father’s position but he got carried away by the idea of power that he competed for a position that was too high for him which eventually made him fail. If Edmond had only aimed for ranks that were within his reach, he would have successfully accomplished his goal. Edmund’s deviltry can be seen until the very end, where he confesses to have ordered for Cordelia and Lear to be hanged, just before he dies. â€Å"I pant for life. Some good I mean to do, despite of my own nature† he reveals, wanting to at least do one good deed before his life is over. Yet because he tried to scheme for even more power, he is responsible for his own elimination and the cause of his failure. Another example of evil’s own vanquishing is the battle between the sisters Goneril and Regan. At the beginning they fight on the same side against their father yet towards the end of the play they both become to obsessed with the idea of power that they turn against each other to strive for everything. They both fight over Edmond and are too greedy to want to share the kingdom. This can certainly be seen in Act 4, Scene 2 when Goneril says â€Å"One way I like this well; but being widow, and my Gloucester with her, may all the building in my fancy pluck upon my hateful life† which indicates that Goneril is scared that her sister will take Edmond away from her. Their betrayal upon each other can also be recognized through Regan’s poisoning by Goneril in Act 5, Scene 3. When Regan falls to the ground ill, Goneril says â€Å"If not, I’ll ne’er trust medicine† foreshadowing Regan’s soon death. The sisters greed for power grew so strong that the betrayed each other just to reach a goal. This shows that the two variants of deviltry destroyed themselves through selfishness and greed. Throughout the tragedy of King Lear the fight between good and evil brings forward many connections and highlights the relationship of the two opposites. Not only are they dependent upon each other, wickedness was created by purity and without one the other could not exist. Virtue is also incapable of destruction leaving all these notions to prove that good did not vanquish evil, but that it was evil that destroyed itself.

buy custom The Central Processing Unit essay

buy custom The Central Processing Unit essay In the beginning computers were big machines, factory constructed or truck delivered, which used drum memories to load programs. These were too cumbersome and therefore called for small portable processors. The Central Processing Unit, C.P.U., is the main component of a computer; it acts as the brain of computers. This is what was introduced to solve the problem of the big cumbersome machines. The heart of any modern computer is the microprocessor, which is a chip consisting of hundreds of thousands transistors and other elements arranged into unique functional operating units. It conveys instructions given to the computer through the keyboard or the mouse, to their intended destinations. This article will critically examine the history of C.P.U. from inception to the designs that will come in the future. Intel 4004 was the first computer microprocessor that came into being in 1970, designed for a calculator company, Busicom by Intel. This microprocessor handled data in chunks of four bits which, over time was not enough. This necessitated the need for more bits in the microprocessors, and in 1972, Intel came up with another microprocessor that had a different architecture the 8008. This was simply a 4004 that had just been scaled up and had eight bits. The address space of this microprocessor was limited to just 16 kilobytes, RAM that people of the time could not afford. Intel introduced two years later, another 8080 microprocessor with a bigger memory capacity than 8008. This one had a memory space of 64 kilobytes and a ten fold increased rate of execution. Within the same period, Motorola introduced the 6800 microprocessor that had similar performance as the Intel 8080. Serious microcomputers used 8080 as their core; this led to the making of Intel 8088 that was then used in the IB M PC, while the 6800 that was introduced byMotorola was used in the personal computers Apple 11(Drinkypoo, 2002). The 1970s saw increased use of the Intel 8080 until 1979, when Intel launched another processor, 8088 and the first PC used this. This 16 bit microprocessor changed the phase of computers; it became a tool for mainstream business. The Intel 8086 had an advantage over the others in that it had up to 1 megabyte memory space necessitating larger documents to be read from the disk and at the same time being held in RAM for quicker access and manipulation. But as memory space kept on expanding and the speed of microprocessor cores kept going up, memory keeping up with all these became a problem that needed to be addressed. Because memories that are large and low powered do not go as fast as the RAM chips that are small but higher powered, computer engineers resorted to inserting fast and smaller memories between the large RAM and the Microprocessor so that the fastest CPUs could run at full speed. The smaller memory is what is referred to as the cache RAM which allows the microprocessor t o execute instructions at full speed (Davis, 2005). The digital age, which is the 1980s, is the time when many things in the history of computers happened. Almost all the chips that are used now were hatched here. Talk of the most crippled chip that Intel has ever made, the 286, the first 32 bit processor 68020 that was advanced from the 68000, the ARM CPUs and those that brought PCs into the era of 32 bit thats the 386 and 486 and many others. This decade also saw the first clones of the Intel CPUs that were introduced in the 1970s. Many other processors were made in this decade such that some of them did not even make it to the market (Drinkypoo, 2002). The nineties was the period that home computers started being popular. The MIPS R4000 startedd being used in workstations especially in the movie industry in the making of movies. This is also the time that saw IBM and Motorola come together and with assistance from Apple started work on and therefore came up with their new PowerPC architecture. This culminated in Intel coming up with big hits like; the Pentium which was followed by the Pentium MMX, Pentium 2 and Pentium 3. This period saw AMD come in with a number of RISC CPUs that could interpret x86 instructions; these were the K5, K6, and Athlon which got AMD battling with Intel all because of CPU supremacy. Some of the machines produced during this time were; RS600 (IBM) POWER introduced in 1990 after PowerPC CPU, and was the first superscalar processor that was able of carrying out multiple instructions at ago; 486SX(Intel) that was produced in 1991. This was a 486 processor having no onboard FPU that was introduced as a budget processor with low cost; the K6-3(AMD) this was the last revision in the line of K6, it improved the multimedia functions speed and made available new clock rates. This is just to name but a few of them (Drinkypoo, 2002). The race for more efficient C.P.Us continued into the 21st century where we have see AMD and Intel directly and strongly competing. They both have 64 bit designs that have instruction sets based on x86. Everyone seems to have gone for the 64 bit nowadays, and if not, they are planning on it meaning that this will soon become the quad age. Some of the C.P.U.s introduced during this time include; Pentium 4(Intel) which is less efficient than P3, but fairly much clock rates with bus speeds increasing as far as 533MHZ so as to compete with AMDs Athlons; V-Dragon (China, IBM) this was a RISC with 32 bit designed by the Chinese with help from IBM, this clocked about 200-260MHZ, and many more others that were produced by different companies (Krazit, 2006). Buy custom The Central Processing Unit essay

Star Wars essays

Star Wars essays One of the most important functions of film music is to create a mood or atmosphere so as to create an aural frame of reference for viewing visual images. As movies and television plays a major role in todays society, film composers have become fascinated in creating meaningful musical film score by experimenting different elements of music in order to enrich, enhance, develop and dramatise movie action. One of the most popular and successful American orchestral composers of the modern age, John Williams is the winner of five Academy Awards, 17 Grammys, three Golden Globes, two Emmys and five BAFTA Awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. John Williams was born in New York, on February 8, 1932, the oldest of Esther and Johnny Williams. Music played an important part in his life. From the age of seven he studied piano, and he also learned to play the trombone, the trumpet, and the clarinet. In 1948 the family moved to Los Angeles, where the father free-lanced with film studio orchestras. After graduating in 1950 from North Hollywood High School, where he played, arranged, and composed for the school band, He composed his first serious work, a piano sonata, as a nineteen-year-old student and later a wind quintet never finished or performed. In his Star Wars films, John Williams has successfully used music to accompany he scenes of the Main Theme and Princess Leia from Star Wars; Asteroid Field and The Imperial March from The Empire Strikes Back; and Jabba the Hutt from Return of the Jedi, by incorporating melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, tonality, timbre and dynamic. The Main Theme is featured with the powerful full symphony orchestral music to help the audience to involve to the atmosphere in the unpredictable space scene. Williams used syncopated rhythms and articulations on strong beats and extreme dynamics with the main str ...

Fathers Day Messages of Love

Fathers Day Messages of Love Have you read about Team Hoyt? Dick Hoyt and Rick Hoyt, the father-son duo who surmounted all odds to prove that anything is possible if you believe. Rick Hoyt, a quadriplegic with cerebral palsy and his dad Dick Hoyt are an inseparable team that competes in triathlons, marathons, and other races. Together, they have competed in over a thousand athletic activities. Their story speaks of inspiration, endurance, and love. A father who will stop at nothing to give his son a fulfilling life. A son who worships his father and enthusiastically participates in his fathers mission. The Hoyt team is truly a remarkable icon of father-son love. In everyday life, we come across many such devoted fathers. Your dad may not perform extraordinary feats to prove his fatherly love. But his simple gestures will convince you how much he loves you. He may not express his love with words or gifts. But actions speak louder than words. Notice how protective he gets about you? Watch the worry lines crease his forehead when he is unable to fulfill your desires? That speaks of love. Fathers Day Messages Help Bridge the Gap Many dads experience a strange awkwardness at expressing their feelings towards their kids. It gets tougher as kids grow up. When children attain teenage, the father-child relationship can get strained. Have you ever been given the cold shoulder, or the silent treatment, by your teenage daughter? The problem may not be you, it could be the teenage phase. Teenage can be difficult for fathers and children. Fathers need to handle this difficult phase with sensitivity. As a father, you need to express your love and support to your child. Sometimes, words may be difficult. However, these Fathers Day quotes and sayings can help express your feelings. You can reach out to your son or daughter with thoughtful, sweet quotes. Shower Your Father With Love Your father, however tough he may be from the outside, is a softhearted man. He needs your love just as much as you need his. On Fathers Day, break the barrier of awkwardness and express yourself. With a meaningful Fathers Day message, you can reach out to him. Barack Obama Above all, children need our unconditional love, whether they succeed or make mistakes; when life is easy and when life is tough. Dick Hoyt When we got home from that race that night, Rick wrote on the computer, Dad, when I run it feels like my disability disappears. So, that was a very powerful message to me. Reed Markham Being a great father is like shaving. No matter how good you shaved today, you have to do it again tomorrow. Mark Wahlberg I stopped smoking weed for my kids. One day, we were driving and you could smell it from somewhere. My daughter asked what the smell was so I told her it was a skunk. Then she said, ‘Sometimes Daddy smells like that!’ to me and my wife. So I knew I had to quit. Tiger Woods Giving my son, Charlie, a bath, for example, beats chipping another bucket of balls. Making mac and cheese for him and his sister, Sam, is better than dining in any restaurant. Sharing a laugh watching cartoons or reading a book beats channel-surfing alone. Some nights now, it’s just me and the kids, an experience that’s both trying and rewarding. Probably like the experience a lot of families have every evening around the world. Brandon Routh, Superman Returns You will make my strength your own. You will see my life through your eyes, as your life will be seen through mine. The son becomes the father and the father becomes the son. George Banks, Father of the Bride Ive always been a concerned parent. Im big on car seats, seat belts, bed times, curfews, calling when you get somewhere, never running with a sharp object. What can I say? Im a father. Worrying comes with the territory. Robert Downey Jr. Do I want to be a hero to my son? No. I would like to be a very real human being. Thats hard enough. Jay-Z I thought I would be more inspired to have all these new feelings to talk about, but I really just want to hang out with my daughter. Dave Barry For Dad, the perfect Fathers Day would be one in which he didnt even realize that it was Fathers Day, because nobody was making him appreciate gifts he didnt want, or read greeting cards filled with lame Fathers Day poetry. Lydia M. Child Blessed indeed is the man who hears many gentle voices call him father! John Sinor It is admirable for a man to take his son fishing, but there is a special place in heaven for the father who takes his daughter shopping. Aeschylus Honour thy father and thy mother stands written among the three laws of most revered righteousness. Dan Zevin Lately all my friends are worried that theyre turning into their fathers. Im worried that Im not. Mike Sager The reward of child rearing is spending the rest of your life proudly knowing this person you helped guide. Let him be himself. Jean Paul Richter The words that a father speaks to his children in the privacy of home are not heard by the world, but, as in whispering-galleries, they are clearly heard at the end and by posterity. Louisa May Alcott Father asked us what was Gods noblest work. Anna said men, but I said babies. Men are often bad, but babies never are. Bruce Springsteen In the early years, I found a voice that was my voice and also partly my fathers voice. But isnt that what you always do? Why do kids at 5 years old go into the closet and put their daddys shoes on? Hey, my kids do it. Will Arnett I want my son to wear a helmet twenty four hours a day.

Macroeconomic Case Analysis using article Essay

Macroeconomic Case Analysis using article - Essay Example India is classified as low-income economy1 as per The World Bank although India's huge population results in a per capita income of $3700 at PPP and $820 at nominal. The economy is sizzling due to booming investment and consumption. According to survey of 32 countries by Grant Thornton, a London-based accounting firm, Indian businessmen were the most upbeat. Indians are rightly proud of the huge global success of firms such as Infosys, or of Tata Steel's 5.8 billion ($11.3 billion) acquisition of Britain's Corus this week. Reserve Bank governor Yaga Venugopal Reddy has flagged the possibility that the Indian economy may be overheating2. In other words demand is outpacing supply and hence the pace of growth is unsustainable. Wholesale price of oil inflation has risen to 6%, which is above the 5.5% upper limit set by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The crude average of the rates for industrial, non-manual and agricultural workers is above 7%. Capacity utilization is higher than at any time in the past decade. The most recent trade data suggest that the rapid deterioration in the trade deficit since H1 2004 is stabilizing and portfolio flows only account for 35 per cent of total capital flows and one of the main determinants is GDP growth. The bank expects the balance of payments to improve in FY06 / 07 and has revised its dollar: rupee forecast to 43-43.5 from 44.53. Credit boom has concerned The RBI also. Bank lending to firms and households has expanded by 30% over the past year. Lending on commercial property is up by 84% and home mortgages by 32%. India's stock market is one of the merging world's most expensive, with a price-earnings ratio of more than 20; this shows rising more than fourfold over the past four years. Asset prices are also rising. In many big cities house prices have more than doubled over the past two years. RBI raised its overnight lending rate by a quarter-point to 7.5%, but left the reverse repo rate at 6%. Over the past couple of years interest rates have risen by less than the rate of inflation, so in real terms they have fallen. When demand outpaces supply in an open economy it is more likely to show up in a current-account deficit than in inflation. India's deficit widened to more than 3% of GDP in the three months to September-a huge swing from a surplus of almost 4% in the first half of 2004. And the true gap between domestic demand and supply is even bigger. According to Yaga Venugopal Reddy, the RBI'S governor, India's current-account deficit is larger once you exclude the money sent home by Indians abroad. Although these remittances do not reflect domestic demand or supply, but are more like a capital inflow. Excluding workers' remittances, India's deficit is running close to 5% of GDP-larger than the equivalent deficit during India's balance-of-payments crisis in the early 1990s. the Economist is making a political judgment: "The economic reforms of the early 1990s spurred competition, forced firms to become more productive and boosted India's trend-or sustainable-rate of growth. But the

How God Created the Universe Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

How God Created the Universe - Term Paper Example This paper analyzes the two stories using a comparative approach based on critical thinking, objective, reasoning, and reflective self-knowledge. Genesis chapter 1 gives a detailed account of how God created the universe â€Å"out of nothing† (John 36). I believe that the primary objective of the first account was to portray God as the most powerful being on earth as He had the potential to make wonderful things out of nothing. The Lord then arranged and made the universe habitable. On the first day, night, day, light, Earth and heavens were created. The sky was created on the second day while on the third day, God created plants, vegetation, and dry land. On the fourth day, God created heavenly bodies such as the stars and the moon. On the fifth day, God created birds and sea creatures while land creatures and man were created on the sixth day. On the seventh day, God took a rest (John 36). One questionable aspect of this creation account concerns the reasons why God decided to create things for six days; since He had the power of nature, He would have done all in one day. Deloria, however, argues that God wanted to r eveal is organized nature to the universe (34). The cycle is quite different and specific days are not mentioned in Genesis chapter 2. In the second creation story, heaven and earth were first created. Human beings were then created and a garden was set for man to tender and take care of. I think God wanted to create a garden that would provide a place for human existence. The garden is known as Eden and man was instructed not to eat from a tree that was at the center of the garden. The man was lonely, however, and God created birds and animals, which man was to name. God, however, noticed that man was still lonely and made him fall asleep and from his rib, He created a woman (John 37). The story of how sin came into following from the second creation story.

Structural Empowerment Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Does a diasporic identity erase, alter, re-creat or negate this Essay

Does a diasporic identity erase, alter, re-creat or negate this obsession with chinea obvious in much of 20 century chinese literature - Essay Example Chinese authors have bared their souls through printed text that clearly displays divergent views about what it is about China that makes it citizens so resilient, yet willing to submit to a status quo element that maintains the continuity of the good and bad sides of Chinese society. C.T. Hsia has made strong assertions in the article, â€Å"Obsession with China: The Moral Burden of Modern Chinese Literature†. To truly understand Hsia’s views, it is essential that we carefully analyze key excerpts of the article. Note the following: â€Å"What distinguishes the â€Å"modern† phase of Chinese literature from the traditional phase is rather its burden of moral contemplation: its obsessive concern with China as a nation afflicted with a spiritual disease and therefore unable to strengthen itself or change its set ways of inhumanity.† Chinese citizens operating from a diasporic identity clearly feel it is their duty to articulate the horrors that occur in china concerning oppression of and human rights abuses against Chinese citizens. Theoretically, where traditional Chinese literature required and in many cases demanded compliance from Chinese authors in representing China as the government would have the world see it instead of how it was operating in reality, Chinese citizens in the diaspora are articulating chilling excerpts of life under oppressive regimes. Surprisingly, the proponents of traditional Chinese literature represented the lower social classes in many cases. Modern authors of Chinese literature are working feverishly to bring the lower classes to the realization that they must voice their displeasure about human rights abuses that affect them and if these atrocities do not affect them, the modern authors are sparing no expense to change that reality, as the lower class citizens will have to be en listed in any successful

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A Right to Bear Glocks by Gail Collins - Article Example The writer is not ready to blame Loughner alone for this incident; she indirectly mentions that the mentality of the Americans who think it is necessary to have free access to weapons is to be changed. Otherwise, there should be clear distinction between the kind of weapons citizens can bear for self-protection and lethal weapons of mass killing. However, the writer points out how frightened the American political workers and the government are to campaign against the all-powerful National Rifle Association. The title of the article ‘The Right to Bear Glocks’ is highly metaphorical in nature. In one way, it can be defined as the writer asking if the right to arms means the right to bear lethal weapons like Glocks. In another way, it can be defined as the writer mocking at the right to ‘have’ arms as the right to ‘tolerate’ arms. To show how the concept of democracy is misused, the writer narrates the fate of a nine-year-old girl who had recently been elected to the student council at her school. She attended the campaign to learn ‘how democracy worked’ met a   tragic death. In this article, the writer wants to show how a population suffers the perils of their own craze for weapons. Gabrielle Giffords herself was an avid supporter of the right to weapons and by narrating her fate, the writer wants to point out the biblical ideology of ‘all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword’ (Mat 26:52). In addition, another concept the writer indirectly implies is the way innocent people are affected by the actions of others. The writer says proper rules and regulations could have saved the lives of many people including a church volunteer and a nine-year-old child.  

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A Right to Bear Glocks by Gail Collins Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Right to Bear Glocks by Gail Collins - Article Example The writer is not ready to blame Loughner alone for this incident; she indirectly mentions that the mentality of the Americans who think it is necessary to have free access to weapons is to be changed. Otherwise, there should be clear distinction between the kind of weapons citizens can bear for self-protection and lethal weapons of mass killing. However, the writer points out how frightened the American political workers and the government are to campaign against the all-powerful National Rifle Association. The title of the article ‘The Right to Bear Glocks’ is highly metaphorical in nature. In one way, it can be defined as the writer asking if the right to arms means the right to bear lethal weapons like Glocks. In another way, it can be defined as the writer mocking at the right to ‘have’ arms as the right to ‘tolerate’ arms. To show how the concept of democracy is misused, the writer narrates the fate of a nine-year-old girl who had recently been elected to the student council at her school. She attended the campaign to learn ‘how democracy worked’ met a   tragic death. In this article, the writer wants to show how a population suffers the perils of their own craze for weapons. Gabrielle Giffords herself was an avid supporter of the right to weapons and by narrating her fate, the writer wants to point out the biblical ideology of ‘all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword’ (Mat 26:52). In addition, another concept the writer indirectly implies is the way innocent people are affected by the actions of others. The writer says proper rules and regulations could have saved the lives of many people including a church volunteer and a nine-year-old child.  

EFFICACY OF WILDLIFE REHABILITATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION A DETAILED Thesis

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Public administration Essay Example for Free

Public administration Essay ‘Ethics’ is a difficult term to define. The meaning, nature and scope of ethics have expanded in the course of time. ‘Ethics’ is integral to public administration. In public administration, ethics focuses on how the public administrator should question and reflect in order to be able to act responsibly. We cannot simply bifurcate the two by saying that ethics deals with morals and values, while public administration is about actions and decisions. Administering accountability and ethics is a difficult task. The 1 levels of ethics in governance are dependent on the social, economic, political, cultural, legal-judicial and historical contexts of the country. These specific factors influence ethics in public administrative systems. This Unit will discuss the meaning, evolution, foci and concerns of ethics. It will bring out the different dimensions of ethics and their relevance for public administration. The significance of an ethical code for administrators will be analysed and the nature of work ethics will be discussed. This Unit will also examine the obstacles to ethical accountability. 21. 2 ETHICS: MEANING AND RELEVANCE ‘Ethics’ is a system of accepted beliefs, mores and values, which influence human behaviour. More specifically, it is a system based on morals. Thus, ethics is the study of what is morally right, and what is not. The Latin origin of the word ‘ethics’ is ethicus that means character. Since the early 17th century, ‘ethics’ has been accepted as the â€Å"Science of morals; the rules of conduct, the science of human duty. † Hence, in common parlance, ethics is treated as moral principles that govern a person’s or a group’s behaviour. It includes both the science of the good and the nature of the right. The ethical concerns of governance have been underscored widely in Indian scriptures and other treatises such as Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagvad Gita, Buddha Charita, Arthashastra, Panchatantra, Manusmriti, Kural, Shukra Niti, Kadambari, Raja Tarangani, and Hitopadesh. At the same time, one cannot ignore the maxims on ethical governance provided by the Chinese philosophers such as Lao Tse, Confucius and Mencius. In the Western philosophy, there are three eminent schools of ethics. The first, inspired by Aristotle, holds that virtues (such as justice, charity and generosity) are dispositions to act in ways that benefit the possessor of these virtues and the society of which he is a part. The second, subscribed to mainly by Immanual Kant, makes the concept of duty central to morality: human beings are bound, from a knowledge of their duty as rational beings, to obey the categorical imperative to respect other rational beings with whom they interact. The third is the Utilitarian viewpoint that asserts that the guiding principle of conduct should be the greatest happiness (or benefit) of the greatest number (Hobson, 2002). The Western thought is full of ethical guidelines to rulers, whether in a monarchy or a democracy. These concerns are found in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Penn, John Stuart Mill, Edmund Burke, and others. Rawl’s theory of justice revolves around the adaptation of two fundamental principles of justice, which would, in turn, guarantee a just and morally acceptable society. The first principle guarantees the right of each person to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with liberty of others. The second principle states that social and economic positions are to be: (a) To everyone’s advantage, and (b) Open to all. A key issue for Rawls is to show how such principles would be universally adopted, and over here his work borders on general ethical issues. He introduces a theoretical ‘veil of ignorance’ in which all ‘players’ in the social game would be placed in a situation, which is called the ‘original position’. Having only a general knowledge about the facts of ‘life and society’ each player is to make a ‘rationally’ prudential choice concerning the kind of social institution they would enter into contract with. By denying the players any specific information about themselves it forces them to adopt a generalised point of view that bears a strong resemblance to the moral point of view. This view point revolves around moral conclusions can be reached without abandoning the prudential standpoint and posting a moral outlook merely by pursuing one’s own prudential reasoning under certain procedural bargaining. 2 The gist of wisdom on administrative ethics is that the public administrators are the â€Å"guardians† of the Administrative State. Hence, they are expected to honour public trust and not violate it. Two crucial questions raised in this context are â€Å"why should guardians be guarded? And â€Å"Who guards the guardian? † (Rosenbloom and Kravchuk, 2005). The administrators need to be guarded against their tendency to misconceive public interest, promote self-interest, indulge in corruption and cause subversion of national interest. And they need to be guarded by the external institutions such as the judiciary, legislature, political executive, media and civil society organisations. These various modes of control become instruments of accountability. 21. 3 EVOLUTION OF ETHICAL CONCERNS IN ADMINISTRATION It is essential to recognise that the discipline of Public Administration has been broadly influenced in the initial stages of its growth, by Political Science and the science of Management. While the philosophical premises of Public Administration were influenced primarily by Political Science, its technological facet was designed by Management Sciences. The early Political Science was taught as Moral Philosophy and Political Economy, while its current curriculum is the product of secular, practical, empirical and scientific tendencies of the past century. The American students of Political Science, in the early years of the last century, were dismayed at the inadequacies of the ethical approach in the Gilded Age. As a result of their interaction with the German universities and the influence on their thinking by scholars such as J. N Burgess, E. J. James, A. B Hart, A. L Lovell, and F. J Goodnow, they sought to recreate Political Science as a true science. They became increasingly interested in observing and analysing ‘actual governments’. Natural and Social Sciences substantially influenced their ideas and approaches. Later, Logical Positivism of the Austrian School influenced scholars such as Herbert Simon and thus there emerged a booming faith in developing a Science of Politics and a Science of Administration that would be able to `predict and control’ political and administrative life. As Dwight Waldo comments, the old belief that good government was the government of moral men was thus replaced by a morality that was irrelevant and that proper institutions and expert personnel were the determining factors in shaping good government. `The new amorality became almost a request for professional respect’. The eminence of Behaviouralism until the mid-1960s further marginalised the ethical issues in the study of Political Science and Public Administration. It was only after the advent of Post-behaviouralism in Political Science and of the accent on New Public Administration in Public Administration that the scientific methods of Behaviouralim and humanistic (read `ethical’) values struck a homogenous chord with administration and the dispute between facts and values was resolved substantially. The current discipline of public administration accords primacy to the `values’ of equity, justice, humanism, human rights, gender equality and compassion. The movement of Good Governance, initiated by the World Bank in 1992, lays stress, inter alia, on the ethical and moral conduct of administrators. While the New Public Management movement is more concerned with administrative effectiveness, the New Public Administration focuses on administrative ethics in its broader manifestation. Both the movements are complementary to each other. This complementarity of foci 3 is as truer today as it was a hundred years ago when the industrial world was experiencing the rise of Scientific Management amidst a strong acceptance of the notion of administrative responsibility. John Kennedy, during his Presidency (19611963) had averred: â€Å"No responsibility of government is more fundamental than the responsibility of maintaining the higher standards of ethical behaviour. The ideal-type construction of bureaucracy, propounded by Max Weber also highlighted an ethical imperative of bureaucratic behaviour. Weber (1947) observed: In the rational type, it is a matter of principle that the members of the administrative staff should be completely separated from ownership of the means of production and administration. Officials, employees and workers attached to the administrative staff do not themselves own the non-human means of production and administration†¦. These exists, furthermore, in principle complete separation of property belonging to the organisation, which is controlled within the sphere of office, and the personal property of the official, which is available for his own private uses†. Weber’s analysis underscores the need to prevent the misuse of an official position for personal gains. Although his ideal-type construct on bureaucracy is not empirical, yet it has an empirical flavour, for it appears to have taken into account the existential reality of bureaucratic behaviour. From a normative angle – knowing that Weber was not normative in his ideal type constructs – also, the message is clear: Don’t misuse official property for personal benefit. Most critics of real-world bureaucracies, including Harold Laski, Carl Friedrich, Victor Thompson and Warren Bennis, have criticised bureaucrats for violating the prescribed norms of moral conduct. Even Fred Riggs, while discussing the traits of a prismatic society like `formalism’ and ‘nepotism’ points out the yawning gap between the `ideal’ and the `real’ in administrative behaviour. The deviations from the norms and mores have been too glaring to be ignored. Immoral behaviour thus has become an integral component of `bureaupathology’ 21. 4 CONTEXT OF ETHICS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Ethics, whether in an entire society, or in a social sub-system, evolves over a long period of time and is influenced, during its nurturance and growth, by a variety of environmental factors. Administrative ethics is no different. It is the product of several contextual structures and it never ceases to grow and change. Let us now look at some of these contextual factors that influence ethics in the public administrative systems: The Historical Context The history of a country marks a great influence on the ethical character of the governance system. The Spoils System in the USA during the initial phase of the American nation vitiated the ethical milieu of the American Public Administration. â€Å"To victor belong the spoils† asserted American President Jackson. Things would have continued the same way had not a disgruntled job seeker assassinated President Garfield in 1881. Garfield’s assassination spurred the process of civil service reforms in the USA, and the setting up of the US. Civil Service Commission in 1883 was the first major step in this direction. India has witnessed a long history of unethical practices in the governance system. Kautilya’s Arthashastra mentions a variety of corrupt practices in which the administrators of those times indulged themselves. The Mughal Empire and the Indian princely rule were also afflicted with the corrupt practices of the courtiers and 4 administrative functionaries, with ‘bakashish’ being one of the accepted means of selling and buying favours. The East India Company too had its share of employees who were criticised even by the British parliamentarians for being corrupt. The forces of probity and immorality co-exist in all phases of human history. Which forces are stronger depends upon the support these get from the prime actors of politico-administrative system. What is disturbing is that a long legacy of unethical practices in governance is likely to enhance the tolerance level for administrative immorality. In most developing nations having a colonial history, the chasm between the people and the government continues to be wide. In the colonial era, the legitimacy of the governance was not accepted willingly by a majority of population and therefore, true loyalty to the rulers was a rare phenomenon. Although the distance between the governing elite and the citizens has been reduced substantially in the transformed democratic regimes, yet the affinity and trust between the two has not been total even in the new dispensation. Unfortunately, even the ruling elite does not seem to have imbibed the spirit of emotional unity with the citizens. The legacy of competitive collaboration between the people and the administrators continues to exist. The nature of this relationship has an adverse impact on ‘administrative ethics’. The Socio-cultural Context Values that permeate the social order in a society determine the nature of governance system. The Indian society today seems to prefer wealth to any other value. And in the process of generating wealth, the means-ends debate has been sidelined. Unfortunately, ends have gained supremacy and the means do not command an equal respect. A quest for wealth in itself is not bad. In fact, it is a mark of civilisational progress. What is important is the means employed while being engaged in this quest. We seem to be living in an economic or commercial society, where uni-dimensional growth of individuals seem to be accepted and even valued, where ends have been subdued by means, and ideals have been submerged under the weight of more practical concerns of economic progress. Can we change this social order? Mahatma Gandhi very much wanted to transform the priority-order of the Indian society, but there were hardly any takers or backers of his radical thinking that was steeped in a strong moral order. To put it bluntly, ever since Gandhi passed away, there has been not a single strong voice in independent India challenging the supremacy of ‘teleology and unidimensionalism’. Neither have our family values questioned this unilinear growth of society nor has our educational system made serious efforts to inject morality into the impressionable minds of our youth. We have starkly failed on these fronts. The need is to evolve fresh perspectives on what kind of the Indians we wish to evolve and how? Till then, efforts will have to be focused on the non-social fronts. The issues of morality may or may not be rooted in the religious ethos of a society. Indian religious scriptures do not favour pursuit of wealth through foul means. Interestingly, Thiru Valluvar’s Kural, written two thousand years ago in Tamil Nadu, emphasises that earning wealth brings fame, respect and an opportunity to help and serve others, but it should be earned through right means only. Can this dictum form the basis of our socio-moral orientation? The level of integrity among Protestants and Parsees is believed by some to be relatively higher when compared to other religions and one can find the roots of such integrity in the well-ingrained mores of these religions. Nevertheless, it is only one point of view, as there are several other religious and secular groups, which are known for their high moral conduct. The cultural system of a country, including its religious orientation, appears to have played a significant role in influencing the work ethics of its people. For instance, the stress on hard work, so characteristic of the Protestant ethics, has helped several Christian societies to enhance their per capita 5 productivity. While Judaism has valued performance of physical labour by its followers, the Hindu and Islamic societies, on the other hand, have generally considered physical labour to be of lower rank than the mental work. Work ethics may or may not be linked with religious moorings. These are subjective issues but make for an interesting study. The family system and the educational system are influential instruments of socialisation and training of the mind in its impressionable years. If the values inculcated through the family and the school have underscored honesty and ethics, the impact on the mind-set of citizens is likely to be highly positive and powerful. Legal-judicial Context The legal system of a country determines considerably the efficacy of the ethical concerns in governance system. A neatly formulated law, with a clear stress on the norms of fair conduct and honesty, is likely to distinguish chaff from grain in the ethical universe. Conversely, nebulous laws, with confusing definition of corruption and its explanations, will only promote corruption for it would not be able to instill the fear of God or fear of law among those violating the laws of the land and mores of the society. Besides, an efficient and effective judiciary with fast-track justice system will prove a roadblock to immorality in public affairs. Conversely, a slow-moving judiciary, with a concern for letter rather than the spirit of the law, will dither and delay and even help the perpetrators of crimes by giving them leeway through prolonged trials and benefits of doubt. Likewise, the anti-corruption machinery of the government, with its tangled web of complex procedures, unintendedly grants relief to the accused who are indirectly assisted by dilatory and knotty procedures. In India, there is hardly any effective anticorruption institution. As we have read in Unit 7 earlier on in this Course, the Lok Pal is yet to be established, Lok Ayuktas are feeble and toothless agencies, while the state vigilance bodies are low-key actors. The consequences are too obvious to warrant any explanation. The Political Context The political leadership, whether in power or outside the power-domain, is perhaps the single most potent influence on the mores and values of citizens. The rulers do rule the minds, but in a democracy particularly, all political parties, pressure groups and the media also influence the orientation and attitudes on moral questions. If politicians act as authentic examples of integrity, as happens in the Scandinavian countries, or as examples of gross self-interest, as found in most South Asian countries, the administrative system cannot remain immune to the levels of political morality. The election system in India is considered to be the biggest propeller to political corruption. Spending millions on the elections `compels’ a candidate to reimburse his expenses through fair or foul means – more foul than fair. While fair has limits, foul has none. It is generally argued that the administrative class – comprising civil servants at higher, middle as well as lower levels – emerges from the society itself. Naturally, therefore, the mores, values and behavioural patterns prevalent in the society are likely to be reflected in the conduct of administrators. To expect that the administrators will be insulated from the orientations and norms evidenced the in society would be grossly unrealistic. The argument, propounded here, has a convincing logic, yet there can be a counterpoint that the rulers are expected to possess stronger moral fibre than the subjects. Since there are hardly any instrumentalities to protect and nurture administrative 6 morality vis-a-vis the general social morality, such an expectation remains at the most an elusive ideal. Hence, there is an obvious need to go deeper into the problem. The behaviour of politicians has a demonstration effect on civil servants. Besides, the capacity of the less honest political masters to control civil servants is immense. It is ironical that the moral environment in a country like India is designed more by its politicians than by any other social group. The primacy of the political over the rest of systems is too obvious to be ignored. If the media is objective and fearless, its role in preventing corruption can be effective. It can even act as a catalyst to the promotion of ethical behaviour among administrators. Hence, those who own and manage the media should understand their wider social and moral responsibilities. The trend in this direction is visible now with many television channels regularly airing their ‘expose’ on malpractices in the system. This role of the media is important if performed with intent of social responsibility rather than sensationalism. The Economic Context The level of economic development of a country is likely to have a positive correlation with the level of ethics in the governance system. Even when a causal relation between the two is not envisaged, a correlation cannot be ruled out. A lower level of economic development, when accompanied with inequalities in the economic order, is likely to create a chasm among social classes and groups. The less privileged or more deprived sections of society may get tempted to forsake principles of honest conduct while fulfilling their basic needs of existence and security. Not that the rich will necessarily be more honest (though they can afford to be so), yet what is apprehended is that the poor, while making a living, may find it a compelling necessity to compromise with the principles of integrity. It is interesting to note that with the advent of liberalising economic regime in developing nations, there is a growing concern about following the norms of integrity in industry, trade, management and the governance system on account of the international pressures for higher level of integrity in the WTO regime. This is what Fred Riggs would call `exogenous’ inducements to administrative change. 21. 5 ISSUE OF ETHICS: FOCI AND CONCERNS An important question arises in connection with the moral obligation of an administrative system. Is the administrative system confined to acting morally in its conduct or does it also share the responsibility of protecting and promoting an ethical order in the larger society? While most of the focus on administrative morality is on the aspect of probity within the administrative system, there is a need to consider the issue of the responsibility of the governance system (of which the administrative system is an integral part) to create and sustain an ethical ambience in the socioeconomic system that would nurture and protect the basic moral values. Moral political philosophy assumes that the rulers will not only be moral themselves, but would also be the guardians of morality in a society. Truly, being moral is a prerequisite to being a guardian of wider morality. Both the obligations are intertwined. It is a truism that the crux of administrative morality is ethical decision-making. The questions of facts and values cannot be separated from ethical decision-making. Thus, the science of administration gets integrated with the ethics of administration. And in this integrated regime, only that empirical concern is valued, which respects the normative concerns in the delivery of administrative services. 7 Which are the essential concerns in regard to administrative ethics? There can be a long list of values that are considered desirable in an administrative action. However, in being selective, one has to focus on the most crucial values. Let us now concentrate on the values of justice, fairness and objectivity. Woodrow Wilson, â€Å"The Study of Administration† (1887), in his inaugural address averred that justice was more important than sympathy. Thus, he placed justice at the top of value-hierarchy in a governance system. Paradoxically, there has been a lot of discussion on the formallegal aspects of administrative law since then, but very little analysis has been made of the philosophical dimension of administrative justice. The other two issues of ethical decision-making, viz. fairness and objectivity are, in fact, integral components of administrative justice. When administrators are true to their profession, they are expected to be impartial and fair and not get influenced by nepotism, favoritism and greed while making decisions of governance. Objectivity should not be misconstrued as a mechanical and rigid adherence to laws and rules. From the decision-making angle, it has undoubtedly wider ramifications encompassing a set of positive orientations. Currently, the notion of ethics has expanded itself to involve all major realms of human existence. Let us attempt to outline certain salient aspects of ethics in public administration. Broadly, they could be summarised as following maxims: †¢ Maxim of Legality and Rationality: An administrator will follow the law and rules that are framed to govern and guide various categories of policies and decisions. Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability: An administrator would not hesitate to accept responsibility for his decision and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his discretion while making decisions. Moreover, he would be willing to be held accountable to higher authorities of governance and even to the people who are the ultimate beneficiaries of his decisions and actions. Maxim of Work Commitment: An administrator would be committed to his duties and perform his work with involvement, intelligence and dexterity. As Swami Vivekananda observed: â€Å"Every duty is holy and devotion to duty is the highest form of worship. † This would also entail a respect for time, punctuality and fulfillment of promises made. Work is considered not as a burden but as an opportunity to serve and constructively contribute to society. Maxim of Excellence: An administrator would ensure the highest standards of quality in administrative decisions and action and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or complacency. In a competitive international environment, an administrative system should faithfully adhere to the requisites of Total Quality Management. Maxim of Fusion: An administrator would rationally bring about a fusion of individual, organisational and social goals to help evolve unison of ideals and imbibe in his behaviour a commitment to such a fusion. In situation of conflicting goals, a concern for ethics should govern the choices made. Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience: An administrator would respond effectively to the demands and challenges from the external as well as internal environment. He would adapt to environmental transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct. In situations of deviation from the prescribed ethical norms, the administrative system would show resilience and bounce back into the accepted ethical mould at the earliest opportunity. 8 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Maxim of Utilitarianism: While making and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will ensure that these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number. Maxim of Compassion: An administrator, without violating the prescribed laws and rules, would demonstrate compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions. At least, he would not grant any benefits to the stronger section of society only because they are strong and would not deny the due consideration to the weak, despite their weakness. Maxim of National Interest: Though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while performing his duties, would keep in view the impact of his action on his nation’s strength and prestige. The Japanese, the Koreans, the Germans and the Chinese citizens (including civil servants), while performing their official roles, have at the back of their mind a concern and respect for their nation. This automatically raises the level of service rendered and the products delivered. Maxim of Justice: Those responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of governance would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and objectivity and no special favours are doled out on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or wealth. Maxim of Transparency: An administrator will make decisions and implement them in a transparent manner so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to understand the reasons behind such decisions and the sources of information on which these decisions were made. Maxim of Integrity: An administrator would undertake an administrative action on the basis of honesty and not use his power, position and discretion to serve his personal interest and the illegitimate interests of other individuals or groups. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ There could be many more tenets added to the above catalogue of maxims of morality in administration. However, the overall objective is to ensure ‘Good Governance’ with a prime concern for ethical principles, practices, orientations and behaviour. There are no dogmas involved in defining administrative ethics. The chief concern while doing so is the positive consequence of administrative action and not just ostensibly rational modes of administrative processes. In the following Section, a few of the salient concerns and foci of ethics are being dealt with briefly. 21. 6 PERTINENCE OF CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS. The concept of ethics has been a latecomer in the realm of public administration. For too long, doing one’s duty well was considered to be an equivalent of bureaucratic ethics. Interestingly, in the United States, the original city managers’ and federal code of ethics placed notable stress on efficiency as ethical concept. In the early 20th century, the perspective began to change. In 1924, the International City/Country Management Association adopted the public sector’s first code of ethics that reflected anti-corruption and anti-politics facets of the municipal reforms movement. 9. In 1958, the US Congress imposed a code of ethics on the Federal Government and in 1978, founded the Office of Government Ethics as an upshot of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. In 1992, the Office of Government Ethics released the Federal Government’s first comprehensive set of standards of ethical conduct, comprising standards pertaining to gifts, conflicts of financial interest, impartiality, misuse of office, seeking outside employment, and outside activities. Almost all the American states have also promulgated their respective codes of ethics, though compared to the federal initiative, they are less comprehensive. Today, codes of ethics, ethics boards, and ethics training have been accepted as integral aspects of public administration in the U. S. Moreover, ethics education has also permeated the discipline of public administration. The National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Public Administration has made ethics education a required component of a Public Administration Programme for its accreditation and has prescribed that all introductory text-books in public administration should include a discussion on ethics (Browman, Berman and West, 2001). Eminent professional associations of public administration also offer training programmes on ethical conduct for public managers. In India, there are a few training programmes on administrative ethics offered by the Indian Institute of Public Administration and other institutions for civil servants, but there is hardly any similar initiative taken up in the realm of education in Public Administration. The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) had adopted in 1984 a Code of Ethics for its members (comprising intellectuals as well as practicing administrators). It was revised in 1994. Certain salient points of the ASPA’s Code of Ethics are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Exercise of discretionary authority to promote public interest Recognition and support to the public’s right to know the public business Exercise of compassion, benevolence, fairness and optimism Prevention of all forms of mismanagement of public funds by establishing and maintaining strong fiscal and management controls, by supporting audits and investigative activities Protection of Constitutional principles of equality, fairness, representativeness, responsiveness and due process in protecting citizens’ rights Maintenance of truthfulness and honesty and not to compromise them for advancement, honour, or personal gain Guarding zealously against conflict of interest or its appearance: e. g. nepotism, improper ou.

Factors Contributing to the Rebellion of Americans in 1776 :: Revolutionary War British Puritans History Essays

Factors Contributing to the Rebellion of Americans in 1776 Imagine you are an American Colonists just making ends meet as a merchant. There has recently been a war between the French and the British. During the war, you continued to trade with the enemy and smuggle goods, while your colonial assembly repeatedly refused to provide military officials with men and supplies. The war eventually ends, leaving the British with debt and expensive responsibilities to administer newly acquired territory in North America, they received from the French. Believing that the Navigation Acts should be enforced strictly and that the lightly taxed colonists should pay a share of the empire's defense costs, Parliament in March 1765 passes the Stamp Act to raise revenue. Next thing you know Parliament imposes another act on the colonies, the Mutiny Act, stating that the colonists must house and maintain the British troops. Ok, you are a bit mad, but it is maintainable. Out of the blue, you hear about a shooting in Boston, where five people were shoot by th e British troops, there is a lot of propaganda surrounding. Your neighbors, along with yourself are enraged by what you hear. Following this incident there is much propaganda in pamphlets passed out concerning colonial religion and political ideas. These things and others happened to the colonists and impart enthralled and provoked them to rebel and in effect brought about the American Revolution. From the information I have gathered in class and from my own personal reading, I have concurred that Parliament taxation was the parent irritation to the other annoyances. The Seven Years' War Showed the British officials that the Americans had no regard for the Navigation Acts and imperial authority. Example of this were colonial merchants continuing to trade with the enemy and smuggle goods, while colonial assemblies repeatedly refused to provide military officials with men and supplies. The war left Great Britain with a considerable debt and expensive responsibilities to administer newly acquired territory in North America. As a result, Parliament in March 1765 passed the Stamp Act to raise revenue. This act required the colonists to purchase and use specially stamped paper for all official documents, deeds, mortgages, newspapers, and pamphlets. The Stamp Act provoked opposition among the colonists, who saw this as a violation of their rights. To the colonists, the Stamp Act violated the right of English subjects not to be taxed without representation; it also weakened the independence of their colonial assemblies.

Interpretation of Dreams: Freud Vs. Jung Essay -- Philosophy Psycholog

Interpretation of Dreams: Freud Vs. Jung Works Cited Not Included Many philosophers, psychiatrists, and doctors have tried to explain the role of the unconscious, mostly through interpreting dreams; two who lead the way in the field of dream interpretation were Sigmund Freud and his most famous pupil, Carl Jung. By reviewing these men's views we can come to a better understanding of the role of the unconscious. Both Freud and Jung believe in the existence of a conscious and unconscious mind. To better understand the difference between the two psychologists often use the analogy of an iceberg. The part of the iceberg above the surface of the water and can be seen by anyone is the conscious mind. It is the part of the mind we "live in" and contains information that we are aware of. The majority of the iceberg, which is below the surface of the water, is what Freud referred to as the "unconscious" and that Jung referred to as the "personal unconscious." This is where thoughts, feelings, urges, and temptations are that are difficult to bring out in consciousness. These are things that we do not associate with who we are and thus become repressed. The best ways to find these repressed feelings are through dreams. Sigmund Freud believed that a persons dreams fulfilled wishes and gave that person a sense of accomplishment to something they may not have been able to achieve. To prove Freud's theory he referred to a dream that he could produce as often as he wanted to. He explained that if he ate anything salty before he went to bed he would develop a thirst during the night which would wake him up. However, before he woke up he noted the he always had a specific dream first. This dream was that he was drinking cold water ... ... or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies. This tendency for everyone in an area to perceive and act in certain ways is where Jung theory of collective unconscious comes from. Jung explains that what we dream, we have understanding of, be it intellectually or emotionally, which contradicts Freud's theory of unconsciously fulfilling wishes completely. Both Freud and Jung have there own views on dream interpretation, combine the two and it seems that we can come to a better understanding of the importance of our dreams. It seems that you cannot interpret a dream solely using Freud's theory or visa a versa with Jung's theories. Combining the two would offer a non-bias, well rounded interpretation which could encompass both, wish fulfillment, as Freud proposed, and consciously intending to create your dreams, as Jung believed.

Language Experience

1. Write about your past formal or informal language learning experiences. Would you consider them effective or ineffective? Learning foreign languages is a real challenge to everyone and a lot of people have their own successful and unsuccessful experiences. As for me, I’d like to tell about a negative one because, unfortunately, I had it more than positive. I’ve been learning English since I was 10 years old. At first, it was at school. Those lessons left much to be desired. We had a middle-aged teacher who used to have favourite students and showed her attitude, inhibitions cast aside. We didn’t have speaking tasks at all. She gave us different texts and we read, translated and learnt them by heart. Sometimes we even didn’t understand what we were speaking about which made it more difficult to answer. She didn’t use any communicative approaches. What is more, we weren’t interested and motivated. At the age of 15 I nearly decided to give up learning it. Needless to say, it was a real shock to everyone when I announced my decision to enter Pedagogical University, the department of foreign languages. I was sure that I would learn it there. I had a private teacher to prepare for entrance exams. At that time I thought she gave me a lot knowledge, but being a teacher now I can judge those lessons as a waste of time and money. Frankly speaking, it was self-studying. I was given 5 unites of grammar to do at home. Nobody explained any rules to me and we just checked exercises. Fortunately, at university I had a lot of different teachers. Some of them tried to use communicative tasks, such as role plays. But it was still academic studying. Teachers didn’t need to motivate us as we all wanted to pass exams and get a diploma. However ridiculous it may seem, I learnt English at work, being teacher is the best way to study. If I need to know something, I try to teach my students and after preparations for lessons and loads of explanations to them I get to know a lot. So joining TESOL course is another opportunity to learn the language and ways of teaching . 2. Why do you think the CLT has gained popularity in the language classroom? Our understanding of the processes of second language learning has changed considerably in the last 30 years and CLT is partly a response to these changes in understanding. Earlier views of language learning focused primary on the mastery of grammatical competence. Language learning was viewed as a process of mechanical formation. Good habits are formed by having students produce correct sentences. Errors were to be avoided through controlled opportunities for production. In recent years language learning has been viewed from a very different perspective. Communicative teaching emphasis on â€Å"task-oriented, student-centered† language teaching practice, asked to show the life of the actual needs of the English language to simulate a variety of life contexts, emotional, and to provide students with comprehensive use of English language, for communication of opportunities, its focus is not only a language in the form, grammatical accuracy, more emphasis on the appropriateness of language use, feasibility, communication skills, as well as training students in communicative activities in the strain and problem-solving ability. There are advantages and disadvantages of this approach. The pros are: – Language is acquired through communication – CLT allows learners to use the target language in meaningful context – CLT can be adapted to any level The cons are: -Student may not see the value in learning English through group work, games, and activities. – CLT does not focus on error correction. – Students don’t feel challenged Taking everything into consideration, I should say that the good thing about the communicative approach is that it makes students speak the language even at a beginner level and they are usually enthusiastic about this. . How would you approach a class with true and false beginners? I got used to having mixed-ability classes and the mixture of false beginners (they have had some English training at some point in the past) and true beginners ( these are learners who have had no contact with English at all) is a common situation. I consider such cl asses a real advantage as it helps to avoid boring lessons and I always have some students to rely on. I try to pair a true beginner with a false one while doing some activities and it helps to create an interaction between students which means a student-centred style of teaching. There are some drawbacks, of course. The false ones are faster to do exercises so I need to provide them with extra work which means more careful preparation for the lesson. Another problem is a demotivation of both kinds of students. There are some classroom management techniques which can help to avoid it. I should say it is a widely-spread situation but it can be successfully solved by using different methods of teaching.

Theory of Occupational Therapy

OT is the art (because it is very individualized) and science of enabling engagment in everyday living, through occupation; of enabling people to perform the occupations that foster healsth and well-being; and of enabling a just and inclusive society (things that are done to advocate on their behalf in world of education, funding etc. ) so that lal peopl emay participate to their potential in the dialy occupations of life.OT is the art (because it is very individualized) and science of enabling engagment in everyday living, through occupation; of enabling people to perform the occupations that foster healsth and well-being; and of enabling a just and inclusive society (things that are done to advocate on their behalf in world of education, funding etc. ) so that lal peopl emay participate to their potential in the dialy occupations of life.Theory of Ocupational Therapy OT is very client- centered: how the individual defines the activity is what is important Hisotry of OT Early 1900s: there was a shift toward understanding that it was important to be healthy and happy- started mostly in mental health (started in mental asylems with occupational aids) realized that when there were given jobs and were meaningfullly occupied they got better quickerDunton 1919: occupation is as necessary to life as food and drink; every human being should have both physical and mental occupations; all should have occupations which they engoy, or hobbies; sick minds, sick bodies and sick souls may be healthed thru occupation – thus ocupation was defined as both the domain of concern and the theapeutic medium of occupational therapyWWI: Diversional therapy: to divert attention away from injury and illness The war lsted much longer – so many more disbled than had anticipated, found that diverting attention away from their physial problems really helped them War-aids: the early Ots, helped adapt activities for soldiers to participate in society (worked mostly with individu als who had a loss of limb) 0s- 90s: Therapeutic shift : curative potential of actibities not occupation Enablement of meaningful occupation: focus on occupational roles in society First Canadian occupational therapy guidelines on client-centred practice did not refer to occupation – but rather to the â€Å"therapeutic use of activity’ Present: focusing on enablement of meaningful occupation: focus on occupational roles in society – not just about giving people something to doOccupation Groups of activities and tasks of everydy life, named, organized and given meaning by individuals and a culture, It iseverything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves (self-care0, enjouing life (leisure), and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their communities (productivity) Shows that it is more than work – they are human activities or tasks organized to fulfil a particular function OccupationGroups of activities and tasks of everydy life, named, organized and given meaning by individuals and a culture, It iseverything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves (self-care0, enjouing life (leisure), and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their communities (productivity) Shows that it is more than work – they are human activities or tasks organized to fulfil a particular function Definitions Enabling occupation:OT is necessary when solutions to engagement in the occupations of everyday living become a challenge, or are at risk of becoming a challenge; when solutions to performing or engaging in desired occupations become difficult Collaborating with people to choose, organize and perform occupations which people find useful or meaningful in a given environment Engage: doing or participating, draw into, involve others, involve oneself, becomes occupiedTask: set of purposeful activities in which a person engages i. e writing a report Activity: basic unit of a tas k, singular pursuit that contributes to the completion of a task Occupation is braoder than either of these as it encompasses more than one task, while tasks encompass more than one activity Key Features of Occupations: 1) Affects Health 2) organize time and brings structure to life 3) brings meaning to life ) are idiosyncratic – very individualized occupations can also be maladaptive- risky, unhealthy, illegal and illicit – eg. Smoking Basic Human Need Dundons credo about occupation demonstrates how occupation is a basic human need Occupations provide people with a flow experience: demands of an occuption are in harmony with the skills of the person and the environment in which the occupation is performed Determinants of HealthHealth is viewed as more than the absence of disease and is infuenced by what people do in everyday life In 20th century occupation was discovered to have a motivating effect on wonded soldiers coming home from war Alma Ata Declaration of Health for All by the Year 2000 made clear that health depends on people having meaninful occupations which provide them with housing, empoyment, community and enjoymentSource of meaning Psychological motivation and volition are dependent on people finding meaning in the occupations that comprise their everyday life The meaning of an occupation is individual and culturally determined Meaning differs from purpose in occupation – can be meaninful to person/ group without any identifiable purpose Source of PurposeThere is no universal classification of the purpose of occupation Canadian therapist defined 3 main purposes 1) self care, 2) productivity, and 3) leisure But it is relly determined by individual needs and desires within an environmental context Athough classification is arbitrary it offs a convenient and manageable way of explaing occupation to clients, professionals , also helps prompt Ots to think about the full range of occupations in a life Source of Choice and Control C ontrol is more than choice.People may make choices about their occupations but have little control to act on choices. There is an element of personal control when people show persistence or find creative ways of following up on their choices. Contol is dependent on opportunities provided by the environment Source of Balance and Satisfaction Balance refers to the pattern of occupation over days or years Personal views of balance are influenced by cultrual and other environmental expectations Descriptor Occupation can be used as a descriptor of hman behaviours to provide new perspectivesabout occupation Occupational: . Behaviour: aspect or class of human action that encompasses mental and physical doing 2. Competence: adequacy or sufficency in an occupational skill, meeting all requirements of an environment 3. Dvelopmetn: gradual change in occupational behaviour over time, resulting from the growth and maturation of the individual in interaction with the environment 4. Performance: t he actual execution or carrying out of an occupation 5. Function: usual or required occupations of an individual Person * Believe in worth of all persons – holistic view New Canadian Model of Occupational Performance presents the person as integrated whole who incorporatses spirituality, social and cultural experiences, and observable occupational performance Spirituality (uniquely and truly human) * Has always been important in canadian OT – early badge that Ots ware depicted inegration of mind, body and spirtit * Recognizes inrinsic value and respecting their beliefs, values and goals, regardless of ability, age or other characteristics – * Consideration of S is a way of developing a clear appreciation for the uniqueness of each person in the occupational therapist-person relationshipPerformance * OT has traditionally attended to the performacne components which contribute to successful engagement in occupation * 3 performance componants include: 1. affective: the domain that comprises social and emotional functions and includes both interpersonal and intrapersonal factors 2. cognitive (thinking): the domain that comprises all mental functions both cognitive and intellectual, and includes, among other things, perception, concentration memory etc 3. physical (doing: the domain that comprises all seonsory, motor and sensorimotor functions occupational performance the result of a dynamic relationship between eprsons, environment and occupation * refers to the ability to choose and satisfactorily perform meaninful occupations that are cultrually defined, and appropriate for looking after one’s self, enjoying life, and contributing to the social ad economic fabric in a community * represents the actual execution or carrying out of occupation and is the experience of a person engaged in ocupation within an environment * person-environment congruence suggests the interdependence f humans and environment – this helps ensure optimal occupational performanceOccupational Life Course: A developmental Perspective * An enlarging spiral diagram shows ones cumulative experience in occupational performance grows over time, even if the number and diversity of occupations diminishes because of aging, disability, enviro, etc. * Occupational development may result in increasing complexity in some occupations but not thers; development of self-care occupations may advance more quickly than development in productivity occupations; or leisure may be omitted when self care and productivity are overwhelming Client Centred Practice: Theme of being client centred in OT emerged in the early 1980s * CC practice refers to collaborative appraochs aimed t enabling occupation with clients who may be individuals, gorups, agencies, governments, corporations or others. Ots demonstrate respect for clients, involve clients indecision making, adocate with and for clients in meeting clients’ needs, and otherwise recognize clients†™ experience and knowledge CC practice refers to collaborative appraochs aimed t enabling occupation with clients who may be individuals, gorups, agencies, governments, corporations or others.Ots demonstrate respect for clients, involve clients indecision making, adocate with and for clients in meeting clients’ needs, and otherwise recognize clients’ experience and knowledge Started to emerge in the 1940s-mid 1960s – started in social work * Underlying theme is recognition of the autonomy of the indiviudal person even though persons are understood to be interdependent in their environment * It represents an ethical stance by occupational therapists based on democratic ideas of empowerment and justiceClient: individuals who may have occupational problems arising from medical conditions, transitional difficulties, or environmental barriesr, or clients may be organizations hat influence the occupational performance of particular groups or populations Translated i nto practice through proccess of enablement: clients are participents in occupational therapy Recognizes that people are active participants in occupational performance, whereas teatment and caregiving forms of helping are applied to people who are dependent on their helperEnabling: refers to processes of facilitating, guiding, coaching, educating, prompting, listening, reflecting, encouraging, or otherwise collaborating with people so that individuals, groups and agencies or organizations have the means and opportnity to participate in shaing their own lives. Guiding Principles for Enabling Occupation in Client-centred Practice * Base practive on client values, meaning and choice as much as possible * Listen to clients visions * Facilitaite processes for clients envisioning what might be possible * Support clients to examine risks/ consequences Support them to succeed, but also to risk and fail * Respect their own syles of coping or bringing about change * Guide clients to identify needs from their own perspective * Facilitiate clients to choose outcomes that they define as meaninful even if OT doesnt agree * Encourage and actively facilitate clients to participate in decision-making partnership in tharpy, programme planning, and policy formation * Provide info that will answer clients questions in making choices * Offer services that do not overwhelm clients with beuraucracy * Foster open, clear communication Invite them to use their strengths and natural cummunity supports CMOP-E Canadian Model of Ocupational Performance and Engagemet Occupational performance is the relationship between persons, enviro and ocuupation over persons lifespan It refers to the ability to choose, organize, and satisfacotily perform meaningful occupations that are culturally defined and age appropriate for looking after ones’s self, enjoying life, and contribuint to the social and economic fabric of a community The CMOP graphically illustrates an occupational thereapy persp ective on the dynamic relationship between persons, environment and occupation of all ersons Occupation occurs between person and environment Everytime you see a new client you need to think about all the different parts of the * Person – (inner circle) The person in the middle converys Ots cient-cenred perspective, attends to the individuals occupational needs in his/her specific environment * spirituality (drive- essence) , * physical (strength, ROM, paralysis) * cognitive * affective (mood, mental health side) * Occupation (middle circle) * Selfcare * Productivity * Leisure * Environment (idea that occupation occurs in an environment) (outer circle) * Social Cultural (stigma based on religious view etc. – culture of university/ family) * Institutional (policies, guidelines and practices about what can/can’t do) * Physical (accessibility) Back to first example: Competence- actual or potential ability to engage in occupation * Ex. If you arent a good cook you t end to do other things (frozen/ other person cooks) tend to not continue to do things that you arent good at Deprivation: prevented from taking part in occupation * Very important Development: gradual change in occupational behaviour How do people shape and evolve into the occupational couse of their lives Identity: how you see yourself related to occupational roles * Big part of how we see ourselves Pattern: predictable way of doing occupation PRACTICE Client vs. patient * Individuals are routinely called patients because they need to be taken care of (mainly in acute care) not a lot of choice in decision making Client-centred Practice In OT because you take into consideration what is important to YOU * Collaborative relationship with clients * Clients as active participants in therapy * Client is at the centre of practice Respect for client wishes, goals, and differences Occupational Issues: Clearly distinct from symptoms – not depression, cognition etc Occupational issues BECAUSE of the health issue ‘challenges to occupational engagment†¦ ex/ if you have left sided weakness an occupational issue may be writing, dressing Occupational Performance Issue: Someone with a head injury where there is no physical change – but could be difference in organization Prioritizing OPIs If someone has a head injury and you make a list of all the things you are wondering about – and they confirm that they are effecting them – then you have to prioritize How do you prioritize Find out what is really important to the client * What is safe * Limitations †¢ 35 female Karen married with 2 kids aged 6 and 3 teaches JK, has SCI, uses manual wheelchair ? 10 Possible OPIs? †¢ Child Care ? †¢ Cooking? †¢ Active playing with Kids? †¢ Driving to work? †¢ Changing baby diapers? †¢ Intimacy with Spouse ? †¢ Cleaning ? †¢ Transfers? †¢ Hygiene ? †¢ Social Activities Limited ? o 2 Priority OPIs? â € ¢ Child Care? †¢ Hygiene ? o Treatment for OPIs Using Occupation/Activity ? †¢ Child Care ? Policy change to increase social support? †¢ Hygiene? Shower Seat